台積電要將「水冷系統」整合到晶片上? - 3C
By Catherine
at 2021-07-22T19:07
at 2021-07-22T19:07
Table of Contents
https://reurl.cc/eEAG2K
散熱一直是晶片的頭號問題,隨著算力提升,晶片產生的熱能也愈來愈高。對此,台積電近
期在 VLSI 研討會上發表「水冷晶片」的研究,提供散熱問題的解決方案。
台積電將水冷系統整合至晶片,直接降溫
關於晶片散熱,常見的做法是在晶片上塗導熱矽脂,將熱量傳到散熱器底部,導熱管、水冷
管再將熱量導到鰭片,最後風扇將鰭片的熱量吹走,完成散熱。但部分晶片頂部有用於保護
的金屬蓋,下面才是晶片核心,因此晶片必須透過內部的導熱材料,先將熱量傳到金屬蓋,
再透過晶片外的導熱矽脂帶走熱量。至於沒有金屬蓋的晶片(例如筆電 CPU),頂部也會有
矽材料,它的功用是保護電路結構,但也阻絕了散熱。
隨著電晶體密度提升,產生的熱量也愈來愈多,因此台積電將水冷系統整合在晶片中,讓水
直接從晶片內帶走熱量。台積電測試了三種水冷設計,一種是 DWC(直接水冷),直接在晶
片表面的矽蝕刻凹槽,讓導熱液體流動並帶走熱量;另一種是在晶片頂部添加蝕刻水路的矽
材料結構。由於需要使用導熱材質來接合這兩層結構,而根據導熱材質的不同,就衍伸出 O
X TIM(矽氧體導熱材質)與 LMT(液態金屬導熱材質)兩種方案。
根據台積電的研究,DWC 的散熱效果最好,能帶走 2.6 kW 的熱量,產生攝氏 63 度的溫差
;OX TIM 效果其次,帶走 2.3 kW 的熱量,溫差為攝氏 83 度;LMT 效果最差,僅帶走 1.
8 kW 的熱量,溫差為攝氏 75 度。
趨勢:軟體以性能為重,加劇晶片的能量消耗
以原理來說,台積電的水冷晶片與傳統方法相同,都是藉由導熱來散熱。但是透過將水冷系
統整合至晶片的方式,可以讓散熱介質更接近熱源,提升散熱的效能。
之所以需要提升晶片散熱能力,除了電晶體密度提升等硬體升級外,軟體設計思維轉變也是
重要因素。在 2000 年代以前,軟體大多會選擇犧牲運作速度,來降低對硬體的資源消耗。
但從 Windows Vista 後,軟體開始強調運作速度,並將硬體性能運用到極限。例如 Google
Chrome,它經常佔據大量的 CPU 與記憶體資源;或者是 Microsoft Office,它會使用 GP
U 來加速運行,以確保操作的流暢度。
因此,在晶片算力與軟體運作性能的提升下,晶片的功耗愈來愈高,自然需要更優秀的散熱
方案。透過將水冷系統整合至晶片的方式,台積電期望提升晶片的散熱能力,以確保運作順
暢,滿足使用者的需求,實現更高效能的運算。
--
散熱一直是晶片的頭號問題,隨著算力提升,晶片產生的熱能也愈來愈高。對此,台積電近
期在 VLSI 研討會上發表「水冷晶片」的研究,提供散熱問題的解決方案。
台積電將水冷系統整合至晶片,直接降溫
關於晶片散熱,常見的做法是在晶片上塗導熱矽脂,將熱量傳到散熱器底部,導熱管、水冷
管再將熱量導到鰭片,最後風扇將鰭片的熱量吹走,完成散熱。但部分晶片頂部有用於保護
的金屬蓋,下面才是晶片核心,因此晶片必須透過內部的導熱材料,先將熱量傳到金屬蓋,
再透過晶片外的導熱矽脂帶走熱量。至於沒有金屬蓋的晶片(例如筆電 CPU),頂部也會有
矽材料,它的功用是保護電路結構,但也阻絕了散熱。
隨著電晶體密度提升,產生的熱量也愈來愈多,因此台積電將水冷系統整合在晶片中,讓水
直接從晶片內帶走熱量。台積電測試了三種水冷設計,一種是 DWC(直接水冷),直接在晶
片表面的矽蝕刻凹槽,讓導熱液體流動並帶走熱量;另一種是在晶片頂部添加蝕刻水路的矽
材料結構。由於需要使用導熱材質來接合這兩層結構,而根據導熱材質的不同,就衍伸出 O
X TIM(矽氧體導熱材質)與 LMT(液態金屬導熱材質)兩種方案。
根據台積電的研究,DWC 的散熱效果最好,能帶走 2.6 kW 的熱量,產生攝氏 63 度的溫差
;OX TIM 效果其次,帶走 2.3 kW 的熱量,溫差為攝氏 83 度;LMT 效果最差,僅帶走 1.
8 kW 的熱量,溫差為攝氏 75 度。
趨勢:軟體以性能為重,加劇晶片的能量消耗
以原理來說,台積電的水冷晶片與傳統方法相同,都是藉由導熱來散熱。但是透過將水冷系
統整合至晶片的方式,可以讓散熱介質更接近熱源,提升散熱的效能。
之所以需要提升晶片散熱能力,除了電晶體密度提升等硬體升級外,軟體設計思維轉變也是
重要因素。在 2000 年代以前,軟體大多會選擇犧牲運作速度,來降低對硬體的資源消耗。
但從 Windows Vista 後,軟體開始強調運作速度,並將硬體性能運用到極限。例如 Google
Chrome,它經常佔據大量的 CPU 與記憶體資源;或者是 Microsoft Office,它會使用 GP
U 來加速運行,以確保操作的流暢度。
因此,在晶片算力與軟體運作性能的提升下,晶片的功耗愈來愈高,自然需要更優秀的散熱
方案。透過將水冷系統整合至晶片的方式,台積電期望提升晶片的散熱能力,以確保運作順
暢,滿足使用者的需求,實現更高效能的運算。
--
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